Essay --

Iran, India, and Mexico are in incredibly various pieces of the world, making them altogether different from one another. The three nations have various narratives, geologies, and normal assets that have molded their turn of events. All things considered, an investigation of Iran’s, India’s, and Mexico’s monetary turn of events and globalization, media access and inclusion, and political pioneers, shows that there are some unquestionable likenesses. Regardless of the three nations being comparative somehow or another, general Iran, India, and Mexico are incredibly unique in relation to one another; every nation has an alternate authentic foundation that has molded it to be what it is today financially, socially, and strategically. I. Economic Development and Globalization Iran: In Iran, the economy depends on oil for a great part of the government’s income. Generally speaking in Iran, the state has an inadequate state area, with statist strategies that control quite a bit of what is financial arrangement. This makes a great deal of monetary issues, causing Iran’s economy to depend on oil. There isn't a very remarkable private segment in Iran other than little workshops, cultivating, and some assembling. The government’s value controls and appropriations frequently upset private division development. In Iran, there is a decent measure of casual monetary trade outside of government guideline, just as debasement. In the mid 1990’s Iran’s government acknowledged they expected to improve numerous components of the economy. One significant law made to improve the economy was President Mahmud Ahmadi-Nejad’s Targeted Subsidies Law. The Majles, Iran’s national administrative body, passed this law in 2010 to lessen state appropriations on food and vitality. Over a time of five years, Iran’s governing bodies attempted to expel appropriations from the economy that were very ... ... be said for Iran and India. Mr. Singh, in the same way as other of the political world class in Mexico, is exceptionally instructed. In spite of the fact that Iran, India, and Mexico are comparable somehow or another monetarily, socially, and strategically, generally they are altogether different. Iran’s economy depends on oil, while India’s economy is more administrations arranged. All things considered, Mexico’s economy is like India’sâ€both having noteworthy private segments. Additionally, Iran, India, and Mexico are comparable in that every nation has a state-run TV broadcasting. Notwithstanding, Iran’s government is obviously the most severe with what its residents can view and Mexico is less exacting and has all the more communicating organizations. Iran is likewise not the same as India and Mexico since Iran has a religious ruler, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, while the other two nations don't. By and large, these nations are totally different from one another.

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry - Case Study Example The worldwide pharmaceutical industry is very strange and in different geographic markets there happens to just a single incredible purchaser, for example the legislature. During the 80s and 90s the legislatures round the globe began to focus on the pharmaceuticals as an obvious objective so as to control the consumptions identified with medicinal services and get more noteworthy incentive for cash. These composed of exercises by the administrations is only an impression of the social contrasts. The business in obvious sense has worldwide and subsequently the work and proprietorship has gotten packed in not very many nations. Controllers have regularly been tested to diminish the overburdening of the developing zones identified with the region of biotechnology research.â There are likewise expanding pressure from bury nation valuing imbalance just as equal exchange. One such model would the distinction among USA and Canada (Henry, 2008, p. 89).Economic ForcesPatients as a rule have had next to no impact on the decision of cost and items, on the grounds that the specialists make the solution. Again the clinical professionals will in general kindness marked items. Then again the motivating forces to purchase items got diminished as the expenses were repaid or accepted by the back up plans or the heath care specialists. The flexibly of the pharmaceutical market is still very divided as not many organizations are holding a portion of over 11%-20%. The business has the nearness of some solid global player’s bases in France, Japan and India as Ranbaxy.... One such model would the contrast among USA and Canada (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Monetary Forces Patients as a rule have had next to no impact on the decision of cost and items, in light of the fact that the specialists make the solution. Again the clinical specialists will in general kindness marked items. Then again the impetuses to purchase items got diminished as the expenses were repaid or expected by the back up plans or the heath care specialists. The flexibly of the pharmaceutical market is still very divided as not many organizations are holding a portion of over 11%-20%. The business has the nearness of some solid global player’s bases in France, Japan and India as Ranbaxy. Notwithstanding, the ongoing monetary down turn has implied that the organizations needed to diminish the spending on R&D and subsequently number of new items that should arrive at the market has fallen (Churchill, 2009, p.211). Social Forces The time of increased birth rates age is moving toward retirement and there have been new endeavors with respect to the organizations to fill the need of treatment of the older. The end clients are presently much better educated about the items. The ascent of the web has helped the clients to get important data about drug store based items without any problem. Customers have become a great deal instructed and accordingly much all the more requesting (Brown, 2009, p. 209). Mechanical Forces Technological elements can really bring down the market passage hindrances and lessen the proficient creation levels and impact the re-appropriating choices. A portion of the components incorporate the R&D exercises, pace of innovation change and innovation motivating forces. One of the significant ramifications of the mechanical advancement has been the improvement of medications that can help

Adequate

Adequate You are inadequate. At least that’s what advertisers would like you to believe. You bear witness to proof of your inadequacy every day: you see it on your TV, hear it on your radio, stare back at it on your computer screen and on highway billboards. There are plenty of messages all around you to reinforce your utter inadequacy. If you’re a male, you’re not a real man unless you drink this brand of beer and eat this particular cut of meat and drive this brand of sport utility vehicle. And if you’re a female, you’re not a real woman unless you squeeze into this size dress and don this shiny piece of jewelry and tote this purse with all the ostentatious C’s or LV’s on its leather exterior. Then, and only then, will you feel adequateâ€"or so they’d have you believe. But when you obtain these things, what happens? Do you feel long-term adequacy? No, of course not. Your thirst for over-indulgent consumption isn’t quenched when you obtain more material possessionsâ€"it’s just the opposite: your desire to consume increases; you’ve set the bar higher, and thus the threshold for future satisfaction is higher. It’s a vicious cycle. Consumption is an unquenchable thirst. You create that thirst, you manufacture the desire to consume more. Advertisers play their role, they help activate the desire you create, but ultimately the desire is yours to control. Once you realize you have control, you can break the cycleâ€"you can avoid the continuous downward spiral. There is one way out of consumption’s spiral: we must realize the things we purchase do not define who we areâ€"unless we allow them to. If we are defined by our things, we will never be happyâ€"but if we are defined by our actions, then we’ll have the opportunity to feel fulfilled by our everyday growth, we’ll have the opportunity to feel satisfied with our everyday contribution to others, and we’ll have the opportunity to be content every day of our lives. The stuff doesn’t make you happyâ€"you make you happy. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Parliament Criminal Court - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1801 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Contemporary Issue The 2007 criminal case of R Vs Niehus, criticism of a District Court Judge Marie Shaw by State Upper House Member of Parliament Dennis Hood. Question Is Judicial Independence jeopardised by State Members of Parliament who publicly criticise the sentencing handed by Criminal Court Judges? Judicial Independence is crucial to the operation of a democratic society, leaving little debate that an independent judiciary is the â€Å"fragile bastion† in our democratic system of government. Thus judges, when presiding over cases, are entirely free from any intrusion or intimidation executed by external forces. The Westminster System, implemented from Britain, ensures the courts have the confidence of the community and all cases provide an outcome exclusively on merit, as Michael OConnell, Victims of Crime Commissioner (Appendix 3) states: â€Å"The Judiciary shall decide matters due to impartiality on the basis of facts.† However, questions have been raised whether judicial independence is jeopardised by external forces publicly criticising a judges verdict. One such example occurred when State Upper House Member of Parliament, Dennis Hood, publicly attacked District court Judge Marie Shaws final ruling in the 2007 criminal case of R Vs Niehus, prompting an order for her dismissal. David Swain, Retired Chief Magistrate (Appendix 2) reports, â€Å"Judicial Independence is a vital part of the Westminster System.† To guarantee absolute judicial independence and uphold the confidence of the community, the judiciary must have complete separation from both the Legislative and Executive arms of Government, and any other external political forces. Accomplishment of this is achieved in a number of ways; first, Judges are appointed by the Executive arm and dismissed by the Legislative arm, to avert the chance of one arm of Government grasping complete control over the judiciary and Section 72 of â€Å"The Australian Constitution Act† (1900) specifies the dismissal of a judge can only occur on two grounds; misbehaviour and incapacity. Secondly, a permanent tenure is provided, on the g rounds a judge must retire at the age of 70, with the exception of Family Court Justices, who have an obligation to retire at 65. This assures judges cannot be removed if their decision does not support the governments request, as Peter Hasket, Retired Magistrate (Appendix 4) states, â€Å"Even if a number of people dont want them, their position stays the same.† Thirdly, a fixed remuneration is guaranteed, preventing both salaries from being diminished throughout tenure and manipulation occurring. However, salaries can be increased by government on objective factors. Fourthly, judges are ensured judicial privilege, allowing them to have freedom of speech while presiding on the bench and delivering verdicts. Thus judges cannot be threatened by criminal prosecution or sued for vilification, a fact David Swain (Appendix 2) suggested â€Å"one can take comfort in.† Finally, individuals who are selected for judicial office must have suitable training and credentials in the law, and no discrimination is to occur on the basis of sex, colour, race, status, religion or political influence. The Honourable Justice John Basten- Judge of the Supreme Court New South Wales (2005:1) reports, â€Å"Principles of open justice play an important part of our courts.† Justice is governed in an open court, where the public has complete access, although exceptions occur, for example, courtrooms can only provide for a small number of spectators. Furthermore, for those who do not attend, sentencing remarks are available via the Internet, and significant cases are usually covered in the print and electronic media. This then ensures openness, as it is vital in promoting the publics confidence. However, information handed to the public via the media raises questions to the extent of its reliability. David Swain (Appendix 2) reports, â€Å"99% of all cases, which go through the courts dont get any media attention.† This indicates that the media has one priority, which is to attract public attention and have general appeal, in order to sell papers. As well as this, The Honourable Justice John Basten (2005:1) states, â€Å"reporters who cover trials often move from one court room to another during the course of a day, obtaining only an incomplete picture of what is happening in any particular case.† Along with media attention, public criticism is also created. â€Å"Sentencing reflects the views of the community, because in effect, they are prescribing parliaments will,† states Michael OConnell (Appendix 3). However, it is impossible to please all citizens, thus generating criticism of certain cases, usually through the media. A recent significant case, which generated much public criticism and uproar, was the 2007 criminal case of R Vs Niehus, ruled by District Court Judge Marie Shaw. Dennis Hood, publicly attacked her final ruling, and called for her removal due to the leniency of her suspended sentence. Dennis H ood (2007:1) questioned, â€Å"What possible reason can there be to allow Judge Shaw to continue to hear cases and hand down grossly inadequate sentences to hardened criminals?† Christopher Michael Niehus received a three-year suspended jail sentence, upon the condition that he entered a bond of $400 to uphold good behaviour for a two year period and perform 150 hours of community service, in respect of four counts of unlawful sexual intercourse. Marie Shaw (2007:3) states, â€Å"the matters which favour suspension to which your counsel has referred, are that you are a person of previous good character, you are someone who, both before these offences and subsequently, has engaged in age appropriate relationships. In my view, you are unlikely to offend again.† Marie Shaws position as District Court Judge, entitles her to consider all facts and circumstances and provide an outcome exclusively on merit, which she has confidently done. However, Dennis Hood completely disagreed with Marie Shaws suspended sentence, complaining to the media that, â€Å"abusing a young girl, a 14-year-old girl† resulted in â€Å"a sentence of 150 hours of community service.† Denis Hoods actions of publicly calling for Marie Shaw to be dismissed raised the question to the extent of criticism, which should be allowed without the risk of jeopardising Judicial Independence. David Swain (Appendix 2) states, â€Å"Every now and again one or two people, particularly politicians, turn to their favour, and politically ‘go too far, which can arguably be an attack on independence.† Beneficial criticism of the Judiciary is welcomed and appropriate as it allows public scrutiny and maintains the confidence of the community through integrity. As well as this freedom of speech in our democracy is a fundamental right. Nevertheless, as Michael OConnell (Appendix 3) states, â€Å"the criticism, as in any situation, should focus on the issue, not the ind ividual,† Denis Hoods public ‘out-burst, was directly aimed at Judge Marie Shaw, ultimately causing considerable distress and embarrassment, Marie Shaw (2007:1) states,† I was bitterly disappointed that he attacked my fitness for office on the basis of inaccurate statements.† Soon after Dennis Hoods public ‘outburst, leading judges raised alarms that Judicial Independence was under fire. Chief Justice John Doyle and Chief Judge Terry Worthington stated, â€Å"Mr Hoods push for her removal is contrary to constitutional principle and threatens to undermine the judiciarys independence, also that any attempt to remove a judge could lead to inappropriate pressure on judges to operate in a way acceptable to politicians and any threat to remove a judge from office because of criticism of a judges decision sets a dangerous precedent and who will be threatened next?† Despite maintaining the integrity of its independence, the judiciary understands it will never be immune from public criticism, as it is an essential component of our democratic system of government. David Swain (Appendix 2) states, â€Å"The judiciary is in the same position as any other public institution. It must expect, and should be prepared to deal with, criticism.† However, reforms need to be made in Marie Shaws case, where public criticism was undoubtedly incorrect and taken to a level, which may have jeopardised her independence. Any public criticism, of any arm of government, should always be of benefit to that arm of government. The criticism must purely be aimed at the issues involved and never a direct attack on an individual. In regards to certain views of ‘soft sentences, by politicians as such, the official method of parliamentary review should be employed, not via media outlets. As well as this Michael OConnell (Appendix 3) states, â€Å"(I) rely on victims views. In general, victims who contact me feel that the sentence imposed w as too lenient- in other words, they expected a harsher sentence.† I am confident that the question posed: ‘Is Judicial Independence jeopardised by State Members of Parliament who publicly criticise the sentencing handed by criminal court judges? can be answered in the negative. Dennis Hoods public ‘outburst, was certainly demoralising for Her Honour Judge Shaw, which moved Hood to apologise and retract his statements. Dennis Hood stated in his public apology, â€Å"I recognise that by making these assertions I have caused considerable distress and embarrassment to Judge Shaw.† Although the criticism was unjust, Michael OConnell (Appendix 3) reports, â€Å"it will not affect the general sentencing practices.† Our Attorney-General often comments that, â€Å"courts in common law countries have been independent of the Parliament since the 1600s.† Our current sentencing system works effectively in Australia.   There should be no need to mak e any reforms to the current system as any changes may in fact place the communitys trust in the overall system  at risk.   Our current judicial practices must be preserved to ensure that judges and the overall judicial system are preserved and the so called â€Å"Fragile Bastion† is at all times protected. Judges are accountable for their overall actions and the decisions that they make.   The issue is that parliamentarians need to be careful that when criticising judges it is done lawfully.   As it was clearly stated by David Swain (Appendix 2), The sentencing process is conducted in a manner that does reflect the values, morals and concerns of the community. We need to trust in our current structures of being able to maintain Judicial Independence and preserve the communitys confidence in the legal system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Parliament Criminal Court" essay for you Create order Bibliography 22/11/2007, ‘Remove judge, urges Upper House MP, ABC News, viewed 24/04/2008 https://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/22/2098109.htm Bailey, Geoff, ‘Legal Studies Key Ideas Stage 2, Adelaide, 2006 Bash, Barbara, ‘Legal Studies Essentials SACE 2, Adelaide Tuition Centre 2008 Basten, John 2005, ‘Court and Media Relationships, viewed 26th April 2008, https://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Supreme_Court/11_sc.nsf/pages/SCO_basten301005 Dowdell, Andrew, Henderson, Nick, 23/11/2007, ‘Attorney-General, rejected calls to sack District Court Judge, ABC News, viewed 23/04/2008 https://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22803291-5006301,00.html Doyle, John, 22/08/2003, ‘Judicial Independence and the Separation of Powers, viewed 15/05/2008, https://netk.net.au/SA/SA16.asp#TopOfPage Hasket, Peter, 13/05/2008, Notes from interview Hood, Denis, 05/05/2008, Notes from interview ‘Judicial Sentencing, 22nd November 2007, Extract from the Legislative Council Hansard, viewed 10th May 2008 OConnell, Michael, 08/05/2008, Notes from interview Shaw, Marie, ‘R v Christopher Michael Niehus Sentencing Remarks, District Court, Adelaide, 2007 Swain, David, 06/05/2008, Notes from interview Swain, David, ‘Are Judges Truly Independent?, viewed 6th May 2008 Swain, David, ‘Do Sentencing Laws Reflect Community Attitudes and Values, viewed 6th May 2008

Profile of Serial Killer William Bonin, The Freeway Killer

William Bonin was a serial killer suspected of sexually assaulting, torturing and killing at least 21 boys and young men in Los Angeles and Orange County, California. The press nicknamed him the  The Freeway Killer, because he would pick up young boys who were hitchhiking, sexually assault and murder them, then dispose of their bodies along the freeways. Unlike many serial killers, Bonin had multiple accomplices during his murder spree. Known accomplices included  Vernon Robert Butts, Gregory Matthew Miley, William Ray Pugh, and James Michael Munro. In May 1980,  Pugh was arrested for stealing cars and while in prison provided detectives details connecting the freeway murders to William Bonin in exchange for a lighter sentence. Pugh told detectives that he accepted a ride from Bonin who bragged that he was the Freeway Killer. Later evidence proved that Pugh and Bonins relationship went beyond a one-time ride and that Pugh participated in at least two of the murders. After being placed under police surveillance for nine days,  Bonin was arrested while in the process of sexually assaulting a 15-year-old boy in the back of his van. Unfortunately, even while under surveillance, Bonin was able to commit one more murder before his arrest. Childhood - Teen Years Born in Connecticut on January 8, 1947, Bonin was the middle child of three brothers. He  grew up in a dysfunctional family with an alcoholic father and a grandfather who was a convicted child molester. Early on he was a troubled kid and ran away from home when he was eight years old. He was later sent to a juvenile detention center for various small crimes, where he allegedly was sexually molested by older teens. After leaving the center he began molesting children. After high school, Bonin joined the U.S. Air Force and served in the Vietnam War as a gunner. When he returned home, he married, divorced and moved to California. A Vow to Never Get Caught Again He was first arrested at age 22 for sexually assaulting young boys and spent five years in jail. After his release, he molested a 14-year-old boy and was returned to prison for an additional four years. Vowing never to get caught again, he began killing his young victims. From 1979 until his arrest in June 1980, Bonin, along with his accomplices, went on a raping, torturing  and killing spree, often cruising California highways and streets for young male hitchhikers and school children. After his arrest, he confessed to killing 21 young boys and young men. Police suspected him in 15 additional murders. Charged with 14 of the 21 killings, Bonin was found guilty and sentenced to death. On February 23, 1996, Bonin was executed by lethal injection, making him the first person to be executed by lethal injection in California history. Freeway Killer Victims Thomas Lundgren, age 14, murdered on May 28, 1979. Accomplices Vernon Butts and William PughMark Shelton, age 17, murdered on August 4, 1979Marcus Grabs, age 17, murdered on August 5, 1979. Accomplice Vernon ButtsDonald Hayden, age 15, murdered on August 27, 1979. Accomplice Vernon ButtsDavid Murillo, age 17, murdered on September 9, 1979. Accomplice Vernon ButtsRobert Wirostek, age 16, murdered on September 27, 1979John Doe, age 14-20, murdered on November 30, 1979Dennis Frank Fox, age 17, murdered on December 2, 1979. Accomplice James MunroJohn Doe, age 15-20, murdered on December 13, 1979Michael McDonald, age 16, murdered on January 1, 1980Charles Miranda, age 14, murdered on February 3, 1980. Accomplice Gregory MileyJames McCabe, age 12, murdered on February 3, 1980. Accomplice Gregory MileyRonald Gaitlin, age 18, murdered on March 14, 1980Harry Todd Turner, age 15, murdered on March 20, 1980. Accomplice William PughGlen Barker, age 14, murdered on March 21, 1980Russell Rugh, age 15, murdered on March 22, 1980Steven Wood, age 16, murdered on April 10, 1980Lawrence Sharp, age 18, murdered on April 10, 1980Darin Lee Kendrick, age 19, murdered on April 29, 1980. Accomplice Vernon ButtsSean King, age 14, murdered on May 19, 1980. Confessed accomplice William PughSteven Wells, age 18, murdered on June 2, 1980. Accomplices Vernon Butts and James Munro Co-Defendants: Vernon Butts: Butts was 22 years old and a factory worker and part-time magician when he met Bonin and began participating in raping and murdering at least six boys. He hung himself while awaiting trial.Gregory Miley: Miley was 19 years old when he got involved with Bonin. He pled guilty to participating in one murder for which he received a sentence of 25 years to life. He is currently in prison.James Munro: Bonin was Munros boss and landlord when Munro participated in the murders of two boys. In a plea bargain, he pled guilty to one murder and received a sentence of 15 years to life. He is still in prison but trying to appeal claiming he was tricked into a plea bargain.William (Billy) Pugh: was the most active accomplice who was charged with one murder, although he confessed to killing two victims. He received  six years for voluntary manslaughter in a plea bargain. Arrest, Conviction, Execution After William Bonins arrest, he confessed to killing 21 young boys and young men. Police suspected him in  an additional 15 other murders. Charged with 14 of the 21 killings, Bonin was found guilty and sentenced to death. On February 23, 1996, Bonin was  executed by lethal injection, making him the first person to be executed by lethal injection in California history. During Bonins murder spree, there was another active serial killer by the name of Patrick Kearney,  using the California freeways as his hunting ground.

What Does Democracy Signifies Free Essays

If firms were not in a competitive environment, they would be able to control the market. Still, there are other factors, which stop firms from controlling the market. Namely the fact that firms do not have perfect information, issues about its objectives or firms may not even know how to maximise profits. We will write a custom essay sample on What Does Democracy Signifies or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is due to the fact that companies use different pieces of information or interpret it differently. Firms can use different tasks in order to achieve the same aim. Companies often set themselves in mission statement; or they try to set goals by which the statement will be achieved; or a specific objective. A firm aims to maximise profits, and that is what this essay will focus on. First, it will give a brief definition of firm and define its objectives. Second, it will examine the assumption of profit maximisation. Third it will confirm whether firms really maximise their profits. Then it will follow by mentioning other alternatives to profit maximisation. Finally in the conclusion, it will include the results of this essay. It is understood by firm ‘ an organisation consisting of one or more individuals working as a decision-making unit to produce goods or services† (Atkinson, B. R. Miller â€Å"Business Economics†). The firm†s objectives are to maximise profits. The amount that the company receives for the sale of its output is called its total revenue. The amount that the firm pays to buy inputs is called its total cost. We, then, define profit as a firm†s total revenue minus its total cost. Thus, if a firm gets  £10,000 from selling its output and spends  £90,000 producing this output, its profit is  £10,000. The above diagram shows how costs, revenue and profit interact with each other. Costs go up with output as well as revenue, but just till a certain point. Revenue falls due to the firm†s necessity to lower its costs in order to rise selling. In other words, in the cost curve firms will experience increasing returns, followed by decreased returns. Revenue will rise, as price falls and quantity goes up. Profits will occur between the two points were the curves intersect. The slope of the two curves are the same and they are given by the marginal value (marginal revenue and marginal cost). Hence, to maximise profit, marginal revenue must equals marginal cost. In order to achieve this, firms must have all the details on the demanded product. Profit maximisation plays an important role within a firm, as it makes innovation possible as well as the payment of higher wages and greater job offers. Moreover, profits create incentives as it is rewarding for entrepreneurs, whose time and skills contributed to the firm†s success. Increasing profits leads to a rise in output and with it consumers also get more satisfied. Thus, it can be said that it is also beneficial to society to raise profits. Profits provide a source of revenue, which reverts in favour of new factories and machinery. In addition, profits encourage innovation again society benefits from it. However, there are still motives for companies to refuse to have high levels of profit. Companies will just be able to maximise profits if owners are in control of the firms. However, in big companies such as Coca-Cola or Shell where, probably, there are many shareholders, it is more difficult to maximise profits. As, in this case managers are more likely to run the business. This leads us to do so called ‘principal-agent problem†. Where owners† objectives may be different from the managers. Hence, due to the rise of the joint-stock company there has developed a split between ownership and control. Ownership belongs now to shareholders, while managers exerce the power of controling. Still, there are motives to choose to maximise profits. Firstly, profit maximisation is still a sign of power, so in a competitive environment firms will opt to maximise profit to ensure its survival; Secondly, both the principal and agent, when confroting a situation of no option, they would prefer to maximise profits rather than lower them; Most important, due to profit maximisation it became possible for economists to study the output and the price of companies and, consequently, study the market. In analysing the managerial approach, it can be noticed that managers will then aim to take precedents over the objectives of the owner. In this case the primary goal of a firm is to maximise its revenue. This will occur because managers† remuneration is more likely to be linked to revenue than to profitability. For example, bank†s tend to regard growing sales positive as well as financial markets, who likes to see growing sales revenue. Most important, sales revenue is still seen as an indication of success. The same occurs to firms that have their main aim to maximise growth. Just like raising revenue, raising growth also leads to higher bonuses. Managers also benefit from it because their status gets better, as the firm has more prestige. Such theory, also suggests that managers try to maximise their own profit benefits. In other words, use firms to get their objectives. Still, there is other theory that states that managers in fact do not maximise anything at all, but they attend to satisfactory levels, theory developed by H. Simon. Here, managers will set a minimum level of profit, keeping shareholders satisfied. This type of approach is probably used by small firms, which are not able to take the big risks that profit maximisation can lead to. Moreover, managers try to keep all members of the firm satisfied, so profit maximisation becames a hard task to achieve. In general, conditions of uncertainty difficults the achievement of sales and profit maximisation. In practise management tries to obtain growth in output and assets from one year to the next and achieve satisfactory growth. On one hand, it is true to say that there is a separation of ownership and control, consequently, this stresses the importance of managers. On the other hand, it is difficult to describe how the different objectives of management and shareholders interact to produce the goals and objectives of the company. How to cite What Does Democracy Signifies, Papers

The House of Seven Gables Essay Example

The House of Seven Gables Essay Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of Seven Gables focuses on the Pyncheon family cursed by the cruelty of one of its members to the family of Matthew Maule decades before. Like the biblical Ahab, the old aristocratic Pyncheon wrests a beautiful piece of land from his much poorer fellow man Maule, and on it he builds his seven-gabled house. Now, decades later, the house is occupied by his relative Hepzibah, her lodger Holgrave Maule, and eventually by her formerly imprisoned brother Clifford. The three characters play very important roles in the novel, both literally and symbolically, and their presence contributes greatly to the significance of the work as a whole. In Hepzibah can be seen the symbolic representation of the evils of the father being visited upon the children for generations. She is an old maid, and in her life so far is reflected the barrenness and non-productivity that such a curse (as was placed upon the family by the old Matthew Maule) generates. Though unmarried and without children, she seemed to have subscribed to the creeds of Cult of Domesticity (or the Cult of True Womanhood), and was now forced to desecrate herself by violating that cult’s forbidding women to do business. Of Hepzibah’s entrance into trade, Hawthorne writes, â€Å"It was the final throe of what called itself old gentility. A lady—who had fed herself from childhood with the shadowy food of aristocratic reminiscences, and whose religion it was that a lady’s hand soils itself irremediably by doing aught for bread—this born lady, after sixty years of narrowing means is fain to step down from her pedestal of imaginary rank † (35). This points not just to the relic of aristocracy from which Hepzibah has sprung, but also to the irony of the creeds of the Cult of Domesticity, which demands that a woman be sexually frigid (apparently like Hepzibah), and at the same time fertile. The incongruence of the two possibilities places Hepzibah in a bind, because her frigidity has led her toward spinsterhood and with no way to stay alive but to soil her hands, which she is also forbidden to do according to her aristocratic pride. We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Seven Gables specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Seven Gables specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Seven Gables specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In any case, she condescends to open a cent shop, transforming herself from â€Å"the patrician lady [†¦] into the plebeian woman† (35). The shop undergoes a similar transformation, but with the opposite effect. The shop, which was once in a state of neglect, is now polished and painted and made fruitful with stocks placed on its shelves. This shop may, in fact, be symbolic of Hepzibah’s true progress, which is not the one of devolution as she thinks. Rather, she has stepped up from the disgrace and poverty of unemployment and near-mendicancy to the fruitfulness and independence of trade. Hepzibah’s brother, Clifford, is ruined in jail, sent there to be punished for a crime he did not commit, and wastes thirty years of his life. He returns the mere shell of a man. In reality, he is still a child, having lost his opportunity to grow up and to deal with the everyday situations of manhood. The cold severity of the prison walls have so impressed darkness upon him that he can find no force in himself that propels him to be nice to the sister who has sacrificed her dignity for him. Clifford’s exposure to the drab and dreary prison has intensified his love for beauty. Yet he demonstrates superficiality in his inability to perceive beauty in his sister, who has grown harsher in her appearance not just because of her age but also because of her distress for his imprisoned condition over the years. That she is scorned by him, Hawthorne describes as â€Å"the mournfullest of pities† (137), and it is indeed, showing that Clifford’s sensibilities where beauty is concerned are as retarded as his manhood. He exhibits again the characteristics of a child who has not yet gained the aesthetic sophistication that allows people to see beauty beyond the merely merry and colorful. Holgrave Maule is Hepzibah’s boarder and, unbeknownst to her, the descendant of Matthew Maule who allegedly placed a curse on the family. Holgrave is there under false pretences, yet he proves himself to be the most sympathetic of the characters. He has accomplished much in his short life, distinguishing himself in many offices, and now he befriends Phoebe Pyncheon (Hepzibah’s niece), becoming â€Å"the only youthful mind with which Phoebe had an opportunity of frequent intercourse† (179). Though he has reason to dislike the Pyncheons, his deep-seated good nature causes him inevitably to behave favorably toward them all. His good nature causes him to refrain from alerting the police about Judge Pyncheon’s death when he knows that the circumstantial evidence would immediately implicate Clifford and Hepzibah. He proves himself to transcend the malice of the curse in his attitude here, and also in his refusal to manipulate Phoebe though he succeeds in hypnoti sing her. He is in truth a character of sympathy to whom we must â€Å"concede [†¦] the rare and high quality of reverence for another’s individuality† (218). The three characters Hepzibah, Clifford and Holgrave represent the various dimensions of the story. Hepzibah points toward the socially critical aspect of the text as she represents the relics of a dying aristocracy. In her appearance and her behavior, she exhibits the characteristics of one who has fallen from grace, and one who has disregarded her own humanity in adherence to the creeds of a cult. The victimized Clifford has too lost his bloom, and has not gained in return the seasoned experience of life, but a retarded growth that offers nothing but the most puerile response to beauty. Holgrave’s character demonstrates a redemptive idea. He is the one who has reason to hate, yet he redeems his clan (and, by extension, humanity), showing himself to be a man of honor in his dealings with the family of the man who ruined his own.