The House of Seven Gables Essay Example

The House of Seven Gables Essay Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of Seven Gables focuses on the Pyncheon family cursed by the cruelty of one of its members to the family of Matthew Maule decades before. Like the biblical Ahab, the old aristocratic Pyncheon wrests a beautiful piece of land from his much poorer fellow man Maule, and on it he builds his seven-gabled house. Now, decades later, the house is occupied by his relative Hepzibah, her lodger Holgrave Maule, and eventually by her formerly imprisoned brother Clifford. The three characters play very important roles in the novel, both literally and symbolically, and their presence contributes greatly to the significance of the work as a whole. In Hepzibah can be seen the symbolic representation of the evils of the father being visited upon the children for generations. She is an old maid, and in her life so far is reflected the barrenness and non-productivity that such a curse (as was placed upon the family by the old Matthew Maule) generates. Though unmarried and without children, she seemed to have subscribed to the creeds of Cult of Domesticity (or the Cult of True Womanhood), and was now forced to desecrate herself by violating that cult’s forbidding women to do business. Of Hepzibah’s entrance into trade, Hawthorne writes, â€Å"It was the final throe of what called itself old gentility. A lady—who had fed herself from childhood with the shadowy food of aristocratic reminiscences, and whose religion it was that a lady’s hand soils itself irremediably by doing aught for bread—this born lady, after sixty years of narrowing means is fain to step down from her pedestal of imaginary rank † (35). This points not just to the relic of aristocracy from which Hepzibah has sprung, but also to the irony of the creeds of the Cult of Domesticity, which demands that a woman be sexually frigid (apparently like Hepzibah), and at the same time fertile. The incongruence of the two possibilities places Hepzibah in a bind, because her frigidity has led her toward spinsterhood and with no way to stay alive but to soil her hands, which she is also forbidden to do according to her aristocratic pride. We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Seven Gables specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Seven Gables specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Seven Gables specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In any case, she condescends to open a cent shop, transforming herself from â€Å"the patrician lady [†¦] into the plebeian woman† (35). The shop undergoes a similar transformation, but with the opposite effect. The shop, which was once in a state of neglect, is now polished and painted and made fruitful with stocks placed on its shelves. This shop may, in fact, be symbolic of Hepzibah’s true progress, which is not the one of devolution as she thinks. Rather, she has stepped up from the disgrace and poverty of unemployment and near-mendicancy to the fruitfulness and independence of trade. Hepzibah’s brother, Clifford, is ruined in jail, sent there to be punished for a crime he did not commit, and wastes thirty years of his life. He returns the mere shell of a man. In reality, he is still a child, having lost his opportunity to grow up and to deal with the everyday situations of manhood. The cold severity of the prison walls have so impressed darkness upon him that he can find no force in himself that propels him to be nice to the sister who has sacrificed her dignity for him. Clifford’s exposure to the drab and dreary prison has intensified his love for beauty. Yet he demonstrates superficiality in his inability to perceive beauty in his sister, who has grown harsher in her appearance not just because of her age but also because of her distress for his imprisoned condition over the years. That she is scorned by him, Hawthorne describes as â€Å"the mournfullest of pities† (137), and it is indeed, showing that Clifford’s sensibilities where beauty is concerned are as retarded as his manhood. He exhibits again the characteristics of a child who has not yet gained the aesthetic sophistication that allows people to see beauty beyond the merely merry and colorful. Holgrave Maule is Hepzibah’s boarder and, unbeknownst to her, the descendant of Matthew Maule who allegedly placed a curse on the family. Holgrave is there under false pretences, yet he proves himself to be the most sympathetic of the characters. He has accomplished much in his short life, distinguishing himself in many offices, and now he befriends Phoebe Pyncheon (Hepzibah’s niece), becoming â€Å"the only youthful mind with which Phoebe had an opportunity of frequent intercourse† (179). Though he has reason to dislike the Pyncheons, his deep-seated good nature causes him inevitably to behave favorably toward them all. His good nature causes him to refrain from alerting the police about Judge Pyncheon’s death when he knows that the circumstantial evidence would immediately implicate Clifford and Hepzibah. He proves himself to transcend the malice of the curse in his attitude here, and also in his refusal to manipulate Phoebe though he succeeds in hypnoti sing her. He is in truth a character of sympathy to whom we must â€Å"concede [†¦] the rare and high quality of reverence for another’s individuality† (218). The three characters Hepzibah, Clifford and Holgrave represent the various dimensions of the story. Hepzibah points toward the socially critical aspect of the text as she represents the relics of a dying aristocracy. In her appearance and her behavior, she exhibits the characteristics of one who has fallen from grace, and one who has disregarded her own humanity in adherence to the creeds of a cult. The victimized Clifford has too lost his bloom, and has not gained in return the seasoned experience of life, but a retarded growth that offers nothing but the most puerile response to beauty. Holgrave’s character demonstrates a redemptive idea. He is the one who has reason to hate, yet he redeems his clan (and, by extension, humanity), showing himself to be a man of honor in his dealings with the family of the man who ruined his own.

Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essays

Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essays Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essay Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essay How can intelligence be tested? Critically evaluate the underlying assumptions of intelligence tests. Intelligence is a very controversial. It is seen as an obsession in daily life and focuses on certain types of intelligence. Francis Galton was the first person to design a mental test. Galton believed that an individuals mental ability could be determined through the deviation of their performance on a simple test to the mean. He believed that the greater a persons sensory perception the more intelligence they had. However, Galton never produced a theory about intelligence testing, but paved the way for other psychologists to produce theories and tests.Spearmans (1904) theory suggested that intelligence was an innate, inherited quality. He suggested that there were two main factors that determined a persons intelligence; these were general intelligence, needed to perform all tasks and specific intelligence, which is needed to perform specific tasks .i.e., most people can drink out of some sort of cup, this needs general intelligence, however, not all people can sing in tune, this is specific intelligence.Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (Simon and Binet, 1905) produced the first form of modern intelligence testing in 1905. The test had a practical purpose and was used to identify children who may need extra help with their school work. Due to the purpose of the test, the exercises Binet and Simon asked the children to complete were very similar to tasks the children completed within schools, i.e. measures of vocabulary, comprehension of facts and relationships and mathematical and verbal reasoning.The Binet Simon test was later modified and extended by Lewis Terman and his associates at Stanford University where it was translated for use in the United States (Terman 1916, Terman and Merrill, 1937). The test became known as the Stanford-Binet test and is still being used referred to as Intelligence Quotient; (I.Q). the I.Q. score was calculated by comparing the childs chronological age, (which means their age is years and months), with their mental age (which refers to the childs ability to solve problems of certain levels.) i.e if a child could answer questions designed for 8 year olds, but not them designed for 9 year olds, the child would have a mental age of 8.The I.Q test that is now most commonly used is know n as the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children, or the WISC. The most frequently used test used by psychologists is the third revision of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales known as the WISC-III. David Wechsler originally developed the test, which was series of ten different problems that ranged from very easy to extremely difficult; these ten problems were also divided into two subgroups.The verbal scale that involved tasks measuring vocabulary, understanding of similarities between objects and general knowledge. The other subgroup was the performance scale, which involved non-verbal tasks such as arranging pictures in to orders, or copying patterns using coloured blocks. Many psychologists find that this definition of verbal and non-verbal tasks helpful as different between the two skills can identify particular kinds of learning difficulties, i.e. dyslexia.However, ever since the I.Q tests were introduced there have been criticisms about them. Before 1937, the mean score of wom en using the Stanford-Binet test was on average ten points lower than the average score for men. Although at first it was generally suggested that this was because women were not as intelligent as men, it was later suggested that the questions were more directed towards male dominated areas of questioning than women, for example relating questions in terms of cars, card games, mechanics, etc. which at the time was made oriented. Therefore, it was decided to eliminate this discrepancy by modifying the questions to ensure that both males and females would archive around the same average score.According to Heather, (1976) this makes the test less efficient because there may be a natural difference between the intelligence levels of men and women through out different points of history, however, by using the new these differences may not be picked up. For example if the I.Q scores were not created to produce approximately the same scores for both males and females we may be able to see why females are currently doing better academically than males.Therefore, this could limit the efficiency of I.Q testing through either historically suggesting that women were inferior to men through their lower I.Q. scores, or through influencing the tests to create equal results for both males and females. It is difficult to say whether the tests were gender bias or whether the psychologists behind the changes to the tests did this to provide unbiased results through positive discrimination towards women.Another criticism of the I.Q. tests that there is an average 10-15 point difference between the White European average and the Afro- Caribbean average, (Brody, (1992) Fagan Singer (1983) Peoples, Fagan Drotar, 1995); (Neisser et al 1996) Heather, (1976) suggests that this difference can be reduced through changing the questions to suit a more mixed ethnic group of participants. However, it was suggested that this would affect the tests Predictive Validity. By changing the tests to reduce the racial differences, but without changing the social inequalities within our society would only create a more ineffective test. In order to reduce the ethnic I.Q. score difference, society must first change their attitudes towards other cultures, especially within education/ training and jobs.How ever, Jensen, (1969) published an article called How much can we boost I.Q. and schooling achievement? within which he made a controversial suggestion that Genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average negro-white intelligence differences. The preponderance of the evidence is, in my opinion, less consistent with a strictly environmental hypothesis than with a genetic hypothesisOther psychologists including Eysenck (1971) and Herrnstein (1971) agree with Jensn. Jensen suggests that 80% of the difference between blacks and whites is due to the blacks genetic inferiority and 20% due to environmental factors. However, Jensen does not have the biological evidence to back up his claim; he also used a bias sample to carry out his study that was a mainly white population.

The Coalescent Theory and Evolution

The Coalescent Theory and Evolution One part of the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory involves population biology and, on an even smaller level, population genetics. Since evolution is measured in units within populations and only populations can evolve and not individuals, then population biology and population genetics are intricate parts of the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection. How the Coalescent Theory Affects the Theory of Evolution When Charles Darwin first published his ideas of evolution and natural selection, the field of Genetics had yet to be discovered. Since tracing alleles and genetics is a very important part of population biology and population genetics, Darwin did not fully cover those ideas in his books. Now, with more technology and knowledge under our belts, we can incorporate more population biology and population genetics into the Theory of Evolution. One way this is done is through the coalescence of alleles. Population biologists look at the gene pool and all available alleles within the population. They then try to trace the origin of these alleles back through time to see where they started. The alleles can be traced back through various lineages on a phylogenetic tree to see where they coalesce or come back together (an alternate way of looking at it is when the alleles branched off from one another). Traits always coalesce at a point called the most recent common ancestor. After the most recent common ancestor, the alleles separated and evolved into new traits and most likely the populations gave rise to new species. The Coalescent Theory, much like Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, has a few assumptions that eliminate changes in alleles through chance events. The Coalescent Theory assumes there is no random genetic flow or genetic drift of alleles into or out of the populations, natural selection is not working on the selected population over the given time period, and there is no recombination of alleles to form new or more complex alleles. If this holds true, then the most recent common ancestor can be found for two different lineages of similar species. If any of the above are in play, then there are several obstacles that have to be overcome before the most recent common ancestor can be pinpointed for those species. As technology and understanding of the Coalescent Theory become more readily available, the mathematical model that accompanies it has been tweaked. These changes to the mathematical model allow some of the previously inhibitive and complex issues with population biology and population genetics have been taken care of and all types of populations may then be used and examined using the theory.

MKT305 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MKT305 - Coursework Example is improving the customer shopping experience since web-to-store transactions have eliminated the problems encountered in home delivery (Weinstein and Cahill 2014). Web-to-store has enabled the retailers to use their existing networks and group parcels thus increasing their sales volumes. According to marketing theory, target marketing requires market and customer segmentation and effective customer segments should be identifiable, accessible, measurable and reachable through the marketing and distribution channels (Egan 2007). The market should be sufficient and should have unique needs and thus ‘click and collect’ service of Marks and Spencer targets the online shoppers who have embraced e-commerce. The distinct customer characteristics include the life stage, the social-economic status, purchasing intensity and online involvement of the customers. Marks and Spencer targets young adults and techno-savvy consumers who have busy schedules that demand. The target customer segment includes the working professionals, students and middle-income customers who prefer shopping at the comfort of their homes. This customer segment often outsources the delivery to a third-party and do not have the control or opportunity to track the delivery of the orders to their homes (Hart 2003). The online shoppers believe that shopping is fun and explore a lot of information online before making a purchase decision. The customers have an appealing income and are techno-savvy since most of them get information from their internet enabled devices. The customers are enthusiastic and impulsive and tend to spend most of their income on entertainment, fashion, books and new personal devices due to their exciting lifestyles (Hart 2003). The customers are reflective and motivated by knowledge and thus compare different products before making the purchase decision. Another unique purchasing behaviour is the demand for stylish, functional and value for money and thus the customers prefer

Multi-Cultural and Political Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Multi-Cultural and Political Society - Essay Example In a political society like America, several interest groups are present, which are based on religious, racial, economic, political, or occupational (Ogene 24). Each of these groups always tries to place their self-interest ahead of their national interest which has been a major issue addressed by various scholars in the American society. Madison’s dilemma is the conception with the American political system, a system where people are at liberty to express their opinions and are given the privilege to petition the government on certain issues (Rosenau 46). In such system, pursuance of self-interest ahead of national interest is visible. The pursuance of self-interest ahead of national interest has been the concern of major stakeholder in the American polity. With the major actors stuck in the middle of whether to subvert self-interest group. A situation that would likely undermine the freedom of speech and rights of the citizens which portends the rise of an autocratic government that will degenerate into the oppression of the masses, or either maintains the political freedom operating in the system as being recognized in the democratic tenets. Nevertheless, granting political freedom to American populace would expose the system to circumstances that could hinder the growth of the political system (Rosenau 39). Interest groups in a democratic society are the various groups that seek to influence governmental decisions in a way to favor their interest (Ogene 12). They also help in the articulation and aggregation of interest in a way to make the decision-making process less cumbersome for political office holders. In the United States of America, there are different ethnic groups that are present due to their multi-ethnic and interracial background. Freedom of expression as a fundamental principle in a democratic system, allows the public to voice their opinion on various governmental policies.

Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Plasma Nitrates

Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Plasma Nitrates OBSERVATION AND RESULT 7. Observation and Result 7.1 Behavioral Parameters Values are expressed MEAN ±SEM, n = 6, ** = P Fig. 7.1 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Behavioral Parameters on Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice. 7.2 Biochemical Estimation Values are expressed MEAN ±SEM, n = 6, ** = P Fig. 7.2 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on different Biochemical Parameters in Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice. Fig. 7.3 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on glutathione reductase activity in Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice. 8. Discussion Behavioral parameters are the primary evidence to confirm anxiety as well as anti-anxiety effect of treatments. All the parameters are based on pathophysiology of anxiety because anxiety or fear is evaluated through stress or immobilization of animal like mice and rats. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) After immobilization of animals for 3hr, the drug treatment was started for all groups except negative control. Time spent in open arm and closed arm were observed. Time spent in open arm were significantly increased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg 175 ±2.2046 sec. as compared with negative control (258 ±3.2018 sec.). In fear, animal is more favorable to dark area which was shows in negative control. Force Swim Test (FST) Time cycle in seconds was count in all groups. Time cycle per five minute were significantly increased (P>0.001) in Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (20 ±4.2044) compared with negative control (25 ±2.5421). Light and Dark Test After immobilization of animals for 3 hr, the drug treatment was started for all groups except negative control. Time spent in light and dark area was observed. Time spent in light area were significantly increased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (178 ±3.5041 sec.) as compared with negative control (58 ±2.1245 sec.). In fear, animal is more favorable to dark area which was shows in negative control. Open Field Test (OFT) OFT is the test to evaluate anti- anxiety effect as well as to compare the statistics with actophotometer because each squire in OFT is 10 Ãâ€"10 cm and each electrode’s difference in actophotometer is 6 cm so the reading should be double in OFT. Animal in control group were shows significant walk fullness in OFT (45 ±2.2405 sec.). After administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg, the animal was shows significant effect (P>0.001). Rearing is the parameter in OFT which shows alertness of animals. After administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg the animal was shows significant effect (P>0.001) in 38 ±4.0510 sec. compared with negative control (18 ±2.5402 sec.). The gaseous messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from its precursor L-arginine by a family of three NO Synthases (NOS), designated as â€Å"neuronal† NOS-I, â€Å"inducible† NOS-II and â€Å"endothelial† NOS-III. In the adult brain, the inducible iso form NOS-II is present only at very low levels in microglia and immune cells, while â€Å"endothelial† NOS-III is expressed predominantly in the vasculature. Whether or not this isoform is also expressed in neural cells, is still a matter of debate but data arguing for this are only sparse. The quantitatively major source for NO in the CNS thus is the â€Å"neuronal† isoform NOS-I present in approximately 1% of all neurons. Nitrinergic transmission is especially important in limbic structures, in the basal ganglia where NO regulates striatal output and in the cerebellum. NO exerts multiple action in the CNS and from animal studies, it has been suggested that it is involved in behavioral p rocesses such as learning and memory formation. Pathologies of the NO pathway have been implicated in almost every major neuropsychiatric disorder including Schizophrenia, affective disorders, Alcoholism, Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson and Huntington’s disease. For some of these disorders, NOS-I has also been identified as a risk gene in human case-control association studies. The role of NO in the regulation of normal human brain functioning however is still unclear, although first genetic studies argue for a function of NOS-I in the regulation of impulsive behaviors. In a second series of experiments, we investigated whether NOS-I knockdown animals have cognitive deficits. Plasma nitrates level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (52.23 ±2.1401sec.) as compared with negative control (74.24 ±2.2406). In fear or anxiety, animal were showed increased level of plasma nitrates which was shows in negative control. iNOS level was significantly increased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (78.37 ±3.2131sec.) as compared with negative control (26.23 ±2.5470 sec.). In addition to its role in cholinergic transmission, substantial evidence has accumulated over the last two decades which suggests a non- cholinergic neuromodulatory function for AChE. Few studies have demonstrated that the expression of AChE during early development correlate closely with the major phase of neurite outgrowth. Layer et al. have showed that AChE inhibitors have been shown to retard neuritic outgrowth in a dose dependent manner in retinal ganglion cells, dorsal root ganglion and sympathetic ganglion neurons. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the morphogenic effects of AChE in both in vivo and in vitro systems. AChE is known to regulate the neuritic outgrowth and survival of cultured neurons and also has morphogenic and axogenic role in the developing nervous system. In addition, AChE has a role in cell growth and survival. These functions are considered to be the non-classical roles of this classical enzyme. Furthermore, ACh is also known to enhance the ne uritic outgrowth and in turning of the nerve growth cones. These studies, together with the present demonstration of increased dendritic arborization in the hippocampus, suggest that chronic drug administration induces AChE activity which in turn might modulate dendritic branching pattern in specific brain regions. Ach level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (53.26 ±2.0987 sec.) as compared with negative control (81.23 ±3.0245 sec.). The efficacy of this plant extract toward the transmitters was significant. MAO regulates metabolic degradation of catecholamine, serotonin and other endogenous amines in CNS. Inhibition of this enzyme causes reduction of metabolism of these transmitters and subsequent increase of these biogenic amines. MAO-A level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (56.6 ±3.3245 sec.) as compared with negative control (86.1 ±2.3024 sec.). MAO-B level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (44.8 ±3.2431 sec.) as compared with negative control (73.4 ±2.2061 sec.). Glutathione reductase level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (1478.5 ±3.2436 sec.) as compared with negative control (1634 ±2.2102 sec.). All values are expressed in U/I. Glutathione reductase level was decreased after administration of extract of Semecarpus anacardium at dose 200 mg/kg in mice. Glutathione reductase is the enzyme which increases in anxiety and depression. This enzyme secretes from hippocampus region of brain. The level of this enzyme was significantly reduced in mice compared with vehicle treated control group. On the bases of behavioral as well as biochemical estimation, study concludes that Semecarpus anacardium shows significant effect in plasma nitrates and other chemical messenger in anxiety at dose of 200mg/kg compared with negative control. 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The present study is designed to evaluate â€Å"Effect of Semecarpus anacardium on plasma nitrates on stress induced anxiety in mice†. Behavioral parameters show following result: After administration of Semecarpus anacardium Time spent in open arm in Elevated Plus Maze, Time cycle per five minute in Force Swim Test, Time spent in light area in Light and Dark Test, No. of Squire Cross in Open Field Test was significantly increased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg as compared with negative control. Biochemical Estimations show following result: Plasma nitrates level, Ach level, MAO-A level, MAO-B level, Glutathione reductase level was significantly decreased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg as compared with negative control. iNOS level was significantly increased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg as compared with negative control. On the bases of behavioral as well as biochemical estimation, study concludes that Semecarpus anacardium shows significant effect in plasma nitrates and other chemical messenger in anxiety at dose of 200mg/kg compared with negative control. 6. Materials Methods 6.1 Materials Collection Authentication The plant Semecarpus anacardium has been taken from local market authenticated from Department of Botany Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar M.P. Herbarium No. Bot./her/A/1124. Extraction procedure 6.3.1 Petroleum ether extract: The whole plant nuts was cleaned and shaded dried for 10-15 days. The dried nuts were pulverized by an electrical blender and nut paste obtained. About 30-40 g of the nut paste was subject for extraction with 400 ml of Petroleum ether solvent by Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hrs. Constant heats of 50 60 0C provided by Mantox heater of Soxhlet for recycling the solvent. The extract was concentrate using Rotary evaporator at 60 0C for 20 min at a speed of 5m/s. The concentrated extract kept in refrigerator at 4 0C for further use. (50) 6.3.2 Ethanol extract: The nuts were shed dried for about 20 days and then subsequent to reduce coarse drug particle into fine powder using pestle and mortar. The extraction was carrying out by ethanol solvent Soxhlet extraction techniques. Solvent used consecutively with gradient polarity. The extract evaporated to complete dryness by using vacuum distillation and kept in refrigerator for further use. (51) Phytochemical screening 6.4.1 Tests for Alkaloids Mayer’s Test: Extract treated with Mayer’s reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide). Formation of a yellow coloured precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Wagner’s Test: Extract treated with Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in Potassium Iodide). Formation of brown/reddish precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Dragendroff’s Test: Extract treated with Dragendroff’s reagent (solution of Potassium Bismuth Iodide). Formation of red precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Hager’s Test: Extract treated with Hager’s reagent (saturated picric acid solution). Presence of alkaloids confirm by the formation of yellow coloured precipitate. Tannic acid test: Extract treated with 10% Tannic acid solution. Alkaloids gave buff colour precipitate. (52) 6.4.2 Detection of Phenols Bromine water test: Test solution treated with few milliliters of bromine water. Formation of yellow precipitate indicated presence of Phenols. Ferric chloride test: Test solution gave blue green colour with ferric chloride. (53) 6.4.3 Detection of Saponins Emulsion test: 1 ml of the extract filtrate added to few drops of olive oil. The mixture added to another two drops of olive. The mixture shakes and observed for the formation of emulsion. Frothing test: 1 ml of the extract filtrate diluted with 4 ml of distilled water. The mixture was shake vigorously and then observed on standing for a stable froth. 6.4.4 Detection Steroids and Triterepenoids Libermann- Buchard test: Extract treated with few drops of acetic anhydride, boil and cool, conc. Sulphuric acid added from the sides of the test tube. Formation of a brown ring at the junction of two layers and the upper layer turns green which shows the presence of Steroids and formation of deep red colour indicated the presence of Triterepenoids. Salkowski test: Treated extract in Chloroform with few drops of cone. Sulphuric acid, shaked well and allowed standing for some time, red colour appeared at the lower layer indicates the presence of Steroids and formation of yellow coloured lower layer indicated the presence of Triterepenoids. 6.4.5 Detection of Tannins Lead sub-acetate test: 1 ml of the filtrate added to 3 drops of the lead sub-acetate solution. A cream gelatinous precipitate indicated the presence of tannins. Ferric chloride test: 1 ml of the filtrate diluted with distilled water and added with 2 drops of ferric chloride. A transient greenish to black colour indicated the presence of tannins. 6.4.6 Detection of Flavonoids Shinoda test (Magnesium Hydrochloride reduction test): To the test Solution, added few fragments of Magnesium ribbon and added concentrate Hydrochloric acid drop wise, pink scarlet, crimson red or occasionally green to blue colour appeared after few minutes. Alkaline reagent test: To the test solution added few drops of sodium hydroxide solution; formation of an intense yellow colour, which turned to Colourless on addition of few drops of dil. acid, indicated presence of Flavonoids. Ammonium test: A quantity (4 ml) each of the filtrates was shaking with 1 ml of dilute ammonia solution (1%). The layers allowed to separating. A yellow coloration at the ammonia layer indicates the presence of Flavonoids. Aluminium chloride test: A quantity (4 ml) each of the filtrates was shake with 1 ml of 1% aluminium chloride solution and observed for light yellow coloration. A yellow precipitate indicated the presence of Flavonoids. 6.4.7 Detection of Anthraquinones 1. Dilute sulphuric acid (5 ml) added to 0.1 g of the test extract in a test tube and boil for 15 min in a water bath. It was then cool and neutralize with 20% potassium hydroxide solution. A mixture, 10 ml of equal parts of Fehling’s solution A and B will add and boil for 5 min. A more dense red precipitate indicated the presence of glycoside. 2. About 0.5 ml of extract taken and subject to the following tests.1 ml of glacial acetic acid containing traces of ferric chloride and 1ml of concentrate sulphuric acid added to the extract and observed for the formation of the reddish brown colouration at the junction of two layers and the upper layer turned bluish green showed presence of Glycosides. Pharmacological Screening 6.5.1 Animal: Mice required as Animal model Body weight: 25 gms. Floor area per animal: 15 in2. Cage height: 5 inch. Temperature: 64 ° to 79 °F (18 ° to 26 °C). Relative Humidity: 40% to 70%. Number of air changes per hour: 10 – 15. Light levels: 30 foot-candles. Duration of Light: 12 -14 hours. Duration of Darkness: 10 12 hours. 6.5.3 Biochemical Estimation 6.5.3.1 Plasma Nitrate estimation: Plasma nitrate were measured by spectrophotomeric assay based on Griess reaction. Blood were withdrawn from tail vein of mice and plasma were using cooling centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 10 min. Plasma were mixed with equal volumes of Griess reagent (1% Sulphanilamide+ 0.1% naphthylelediamine dihydrochloride+ 2.5 % phosphoric acid) and incubated at room temp for 10 min. to yield a chromophore. Absorbance was read at 543 nm spectophotometrically.(59) 6.5.3.2 i NOS estimation: Sample collection After the behavioral tests, three mice from each group was deeply anesthetized and perfuse with 4% paraformaldehyde for subsequent Nissl staining. The other animals were anesthetized and kill; blood was collected and brains were removed. Blood, anticoagulated with 1.5% EDTA centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected. All these samples stored at −80 °C for further analysis. RNA extraction and reverse transcription Total RNA extracted from the brain tissue using Trizol reagent. Total mRNA (1 ÃŽ ¼g) was transcribed using Quant script cDNA RT Kits according to the manufacturer’s manual. Briefly, RNA (1 ÃŽ ¼g) pretreated with DNA-free DNase treatment and removal reagents. RNA samples incubated with a mixture consisting of containing dNTPs, random primers, 10Ãâ€" RT mix, Quant Reverse Transcriptase, a reverse transcriptase and RNase-free water to a final volume of 10 ÃŽ ¼l at 37 °C for 1 h. Real-time RT-PCR cDNA l used for quantification of mRNA by real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR will perform on an Applied Rotor-Gene 3000 under the following conditions: iNOS and GAPDH for 40 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 63 °C for 60 s, and 72 °C for 90 s. Relative quantitative measurements of target gene levels was performed using the ΔCt method, where Ct is the threshold concentration. GAPDH used as endogenous control to normalize gene expression data, and an RQ value calculated for each sample. RQ values was presented as fold change in gene expression relative to the control group, which normalized to 1. (60) The activity was expressed as m moles hydrolyzed per min per gram of tissue. AChE activity was statistically analyzed by Student’s Statistical analysis The statistical analysis carried out as per standard method. All result expressed as MEAN ±SEM. Groups of data were compared with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by dunnett’s t-test values for statistical significance. Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar M.P. Page 1

Machiavelli’s Premise Essay

1. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s premise that if given the choice between the two, the prince is better served by being feared than loved? How does Machiavelli make the case for his position (details, modes)? Are his arguments convincing? If you took the self-analysis on high-Mach or low-Mach, what were the results, and were you surprised by your score? 2. What is the thesis of Neil Postman’s forward? Do you agree or disagree with his point of view? Provide support for your position. 1- The prince is better feared than loved, although striking a balance between the two would be best. As Machiavelli stated that the prince should do his utmost to escape hatred and too much fear would create hatred. The prince should try to balance love and fear based on his people and the situation at hand. 2- Both authors have different point of views; Orwell’s view is that we will be deprived of things by externally imposed oppression and by inflicting pain while Huxley’s view is that we will be distracted from our real goals with lust and pleasure. I agree to some extent on both points of views, except for the part that states that what we hate will ruin us. If you hate something that is bad then I don’t see anything wrong with it; I don’t think it can ruin us in any way. On the other hand I agree that lust and desire only lead to greed and other sins which corrupt us. Would time traveling be cool? Time travelling would not be cool. In fact many scientists have done a lot of research on black holes and time warps. Einstein did work on it as well as Stephen Sawking to no avail. Actually Stephen changed his theory on the black holes losing and retaining information twice. If time traveling was possible we would be open to endless opportunities and nothing would be a challenge. Life would be stale without surprises, discoveries and evolution.